Challenges and Applications of Artificial Intelligence

I am writing this post in order to answer some challenges and applications of Artificial Intelligence.

1. Is it possible to overcome ambiguity of natural language? : The answer is yes. It is possible to overcome ambiguity of natural language. For example consider the sentence "I want to loose 10 pounds". What does it mean? The person is willing to loose weight or money. When human and machine interaction is happening, such scenario is bound to come. But how does humans solve such problem. There are two ways, one is to ask back for clarification and the second is to refer the context. By doing pragmatic and semantic analysis machines can resolve ambiguity in natural language.
   
2. Can machines become as intelligent as humans? : Yes machine can be as intelligent as human. Machine can be programmed to read, write, talk, walk and play. It can become a soldier, engineer, doctor anything. If machines are given the ability to learn the way human are given the ability they can also learn. The only challenge remains is computation speed. As computer science will progress that problems will also be resolved. But machines can not totally become like humans. They can not become philosophical. They will not have genuine emotion like humans. If they have emotion it will be hard wired. They can not have instincts and gut feelings like humans and other animals.
   
3. What should be the process to make an intelligent program?: The process is same as the way human learn. The first step will be to make a machine with senses like humans viz smell, taste, see, hear and feel. Once the machine has these senses it is ready to learn. Second step is to teach a language and ability to read. The knowledge of language and knowledge of objects of real world and their attributes should be taught. There should be big database of objects and their mutual relationship. A Graph data structure should be used to represent such knowledge base. Now machine will be ready to talk. Learning mechanism is same for humans and machines. If we do not know about the object in the sentence we can not understand the sentence.

These are some applications of Artificial

1. Intelligent Information Systems: Today information systems gives us information after a lot of hassle can they give us knowledge and wisdom for decision making. Artificial intelligence can be used for decision making process for organizations. Such tools are called business intelligence tools.
2. Robots for production: There are production environment which humans can not endure. Robots can stay at such place and do the work what humans do.
   
3. Trainers: Human teachers, professors and trainers can be replaced by enteractive machines.
   
4. Military Application: Just like terminator movie there can be mechanic soldiers fighting for a country, hence no human causality in war.
   
5. Customer Care: If the interactive voice system is intelligent then, it can help customer just like a human taking to customer.
   

Building a chat bot or talking machine

I am writing this blog for the people who want to venture in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
The scope of this post will be to educate people about building chatter bots, incorporating intelligence into machine, natural language processing, knowledge representation techniques.

I will cover various aspect of artificial intelligence like natural language processing, knowledge representation, machine learning, logic representation, context free grammar, feature based grammar etc by explaining step by step mechanism and algorithms.
The purpose of this article is to provide people path to explore the world of artificial intelligence and chat bots.

In order to build a chat bot or talking machine we need following ingredients.

1. Language vocabulary with categorization of words.
2. Algorithms to parse the input statement.
3. Domain knowledge representation.
4. Logic or fact representation.
5. Mechanism to generate output statement.

Now lets us explore every aspect one by one.
1. Language vocabulary with categorization of words.

Before venturing into natural language processing one must insure that he has a word database with categorization of words like noun, pronoun , verb etc. Wordnet build by Prinston
University is such a data base. A java based application with databasae can be downloaded from
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=131896&package_id=231561&release_id=509765



Once you have a word database with categorization of words you are ready to go ahead.

2. Algorithms to parse the input statement.

Natural language parsing is a process of understanding the input statement. There are few steps involved in natural language processing, these are
1. Morphological analysis: It involves validating input statement against spelling and grammar.
2. Lexical analysis: It involves understanding the category of component words like noun, pronoun, adjective. We can have our own category according to our grammar.
3. Syntactic analysis: It involves determining relationship between components.
4. Semantic analysis: Mapping of components to the domain objects.

In order to do above mentioned 4 steps we need to decide the grammar that we want to use.
The grammar that I have used is combination of context free grammar and feature based grammar.

Context free grammar:
A context free grammar is a collection of productions of the format S -> NP VP, where components NP and VP in turn can have components. Take an example of following grammar which I have designed for question, answer system.

Example Grammar: G1
Ex sentences:
What is KM ? What is your name? How many friends do you have?
Rules:
S--> QP VP
VP --> HVP ObP
ObP --> Ob At
QP --> QW QWP

Where:

QP - Question Phrase like “how much” etc.
HVP - Helping verb phrase like is, am , are etc.
ObP - Object phrase like “is your name”.
Ob – Object phrase.
At – attribute like “name, age, sex”.
QW - Question word like “ what , where etc.
QWP - Quantifier phrase “ many, much” etc.
Det - Determinar or article “a, an, the”.
O – Object ( any object in context).


Using above grammar we can understand statement like “what is your name”, “ who is your father”.

Now let us see Feature based grammar.

Feature based grammar.

In feature based grammar we assign various attributes to the words then we determine their meaning
For example word “those” use alias “w”

w.spelling = “those”
w.number = “plural”
w.pos = preposition. (part of speech).

I will not be describing feature based grammar in great detail since I have used context free grammar for the example in this tutorial.


Now I will explain the algorithm to parse the input statement.

This algorithm is called Left corner parsing. This is hybrid of top down and bottom up parsing.
It is based on assumption that you have a class to represent tree with following methods.
getPeer, getFather, addLeftChild, addRightChild. This algorithm does not do morphological analysis.

It uses the grammar G1.

Terminal element: One who can be broken further.


Algorithm:


While(true){
Make S as current element and root of tree.
// current element in this algorithm means current grammar element like S, VP, ObP
Make first word of input sentence as current word.
While(current element is not a terminal element){
Break current element into components.
Make left component as left child and right component as right child.
Make left child as current element
Continue;
}
If(current element is left child of tree and a terminal element){
If(current word is of the type of current element) {
Make this word as left child of current tree node. Take the current word pointer to next word.
If(current tree node has peer node)
Make peer node as current tree node;
Else
Make father’s peer as current tree node:
}
Else{
If(current tree node has peer node)
Make peer node as current tree node;
Else
Make father’s peer as current tree node:
}
}
If(current element is right child of tree and a terminal element){
If(current word is of the type of current element){
Make this word as left child of current tree node.
Take the current word pointer to next word.
If(current tree node’s father’s peer is it’s father itself)
Terminate algorithm;
Else
Make father’s peer as current tree node:
}
Else{
If(current tree node’s father’s peer is it’s father itself)
Terminate algorithm;
Else
Make father’s peer as current tree node:
}
}
}// end of algorithm

Taking “What is your name” as a input statement and using grammar G1. We get tree as follows.



So far we have done lexical and syntactic analysis. Now we have to do Semantic analysis.
In order to do semantic analysis we need to find way of knowledge representation, which is our next topic.

3. Domain knowledge representation.
There are following ways of knowledge representation.
a. Database
b. Se mantic network.
c. Frames.
I find frames as most natural way of reprehensive knowledge using multi way graph data structure. I will not discuss way to represent knowledge. There are a lot of online resources available for knowledge representation purpose.


4. Fact and logic representation.

In order to present facts and logic we use lambda calculus, first order logic and preposition logic. If you remember Boolean algebra you can understand these terms.
I hope you can read internet for knowledge regarding these topics.
5. Answer generation.
In order to generate answer we will have to use some template based system. For a certain category of input sentence we can have a certain type of answer template .
For example question: “what is your name” we can have answer template as

("Det", "O", "At" , "HVP", "value of asked attribute")

Meaning of the element are there in grammar G1.

Now we can map question “what is your name” to answer “my name is Mukesh”.
Meaning of input sentence can be found out by generating the tree.